auswertung.Rmd
Libraries
# Für Korrelationsmatrizen
library(Hmisc)
# Für schönere Latex-Tabellen
library(stargazer)
library(kableExtra)
library(vtable)
# Für schönere Plots
library(ggpubr)
library(ggrepel)
library(gridExtra)
library(cowplot)
# Für schnelleres Einlesen von Daten
library(vroom)
# Für allgemeine Datenmanipulation und Plotten
library(tidyverse)
# Fürs Arbeiten mit Geodaten
library(sf)Importieren der Daten
Die Daten wurden im Dokument ‘cleaning.Rmd’ aufbereitet und abgespeichert.
data_rent <- vroom("./daten/data_rent.csv")
data_social <- vroom("./daten/data_social.csv")
inspire_grid_berlin <- st_read("./daten/inspire_grid_berlin.gpkg", quiet = TRUE)
bezirksgrenzen_berlin <- st_read("./daten/bezirksgrenzen_berlin/bezirksgrenzen.shp", quiet = TRUE) %>%
st_transform("EPSG:3035")
mauer_berlin <- st_read("./daten/Berliner_Mauer.geojson", quiet = TRUE)
data_social_sf <- data_social %>%
left_join(inspire_grid_berlin %>% select(r1_id, geom), by = "r1_id") %>%
st_as_sf()
baugenehmigungen <- read_csv2("./daten/genehmigte-wohnungen-monat.csv") %>%
janitor::clean_names() %>%
mutate(datum = ym(monat), .keep = "unused") %>%
rename(wert = originalwerte,
wert_trend = 2)Summary Statistics
Überblick über die beiden Datensätze mit Anzahl an Beobachtungen, Mittelwert, Median, Quartilen und mehr.
# Data Social
data_social %>% select(-jahr, -r1_id) %>%
mutate(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt_1000 = kaufkraft_pro_haushalt / 1000,
anzahl_haushalte_1000 = anzahl_haushalte / 1000) %>%
select(-kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, -anzahl_haushalte) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = everything()) %>%
group_by(name) %>%
drop_na() %>%
summarise(n = n(),
mean = mean(value),
Std.Dev. = sd(value),
min = min(value),
Pctl.25 = quantile(value, probs = 0.25),
Pctl.50 = quantile(value, probs = 0.5),
Pctl.75 = quantile(value, probs = 0.75),
max = max(value)) %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = c("", "", "", "", "\\addlinespace"),
) %>%
cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{lrrrrrrrr}
## \hline \hline
## name & n & mean & Std.Dev. & min & Pctl.25 & Pctl.50 & Pctl.75 & max\\
## \hline
## anteil\_60\_plus & 11205 & 28.00 & 6.81 & 7.77 & 23.66 & 28.54 & 32.75 & 100.00\\
## anteil\_auslaender & 11205 & 10.09 & 10.18 & 0.00 & 3.31 & 6.10 & 13.38 & 74.83\\
## anteil\_efh & 11205 & 36.82 & 31.47 & 0.00 & 6.23 & 30.81 & 63.16 & 100.00\\
## anteil\_mfh & 11205 & 26.81 & 17.94 & 0.00 & 12.24 & 25.27 & 39.00 & 100.00\\
## anteil\_oberklassewagen & 9319 & 5.25 & 2.49 & 0.00 & 3.56 & 4.80 & 6.38 & 26.26\\
## \addlinespace
## anteil\_wohnblock & 11205 & 32.67 & 30.83 & 0.00 & 2.98 & 24.91 & 57.93 & 100.00\\
## anzahl\_haushalte\_1000 & 10487 & 2.24 & 2.57 & 0.00 & 0.41 & 1.30 & 3.16 & 14.69\\
## arbeitslosenquote & 11205 & 8.54 & 5.14 & 0.00 & 4.49 & 8.15 & 11.95 & 26.58\\
## kaufkraft\_pro\_haushalt\_1000 & 10452 & 40.10 & 8.69 & 18.74 & 33.64 & 38.95 & 45.70 & 79.85\\
## kreditrisiko & 11205 & 0.60 & 0.20 & 0.11 & 0.43 & 0.59 & 0.78 & 1.00\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}# Data Rent
# Allgemein
data_rent %>% select(-jahr, -r1_id) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = everything()) %>%
group_by(name) %>%
drop_na() %>%
summarise(n = n(),
mean = mean(value),
Std.Dev. = sd(value),
min = min(value),
Pctl.25 = quantile(value, probs = 0.25),
Pctl.50 = quantile(value, probs = 0.5),
Pctl.75 = quantile(value, probs = 0.75),
max = max(value)) %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = "",
) %>%
cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{lrrrrrrrr}
## \hline \hline
## name & n & mean & Std.Dev. & min & Pctl.25 & Pctl.50 & Pctl.75 & max\\
## \hline
## mietekalt & 1917043 & 627.08 & 516.80 & 0.01 & 346.00 & 467.86 & 706.54 & 15000\\
## mietekalt\_m2 & 1917043 & 8.50 & 115.04 & 0.00 & 5.59 & 7.00 & 9.45 & 58000\\
## wohnflaeche & 1917043 & 75.81 & 35.59 & 0.01 & 54.99 & 68.89 & 88.00 & 1000\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}# Nach Jahren
data_rent %>% select(-r1_id) %>%
group_by(jahr) %>%
summarise(n = n(),
mietekalt_mean = mean(mietekalt),
mietekalt_median = median(mietekalt),
wohnflaeche_mean = mean(wohnflaeche),
wohnflaeche_median = median(wohnflaeche),
mietekalt_m2_mean = mean(mietekalt_m2),
mietekalt_m2_median = median(mietekalt_m2)) %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = c("", "", "", "", "\\addlinespace"),
) %>%
cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{rrrrrrrr}
## \hline \hline
## jahr & n & mietekalt\_mean & mietekalt\_median & wohnflaeche\_mean & wohnflaeche\_median & mietekalt\_m2\_mean & mietekalt\_m2\_median\\
## \hline
## 2007 & 216882 & 439.53 & 362.00 & 74.61 & 69.19 & 6.81 & 5.49\\
## 2008 & 226760 & 452.74 & 368.56 & 73.89 & 68.67 & 6.22 & 5.60\\
## 2009 & 211381 & 471.83 & 382.00 & 74.54 & 69.00 & 6.62 & 5.80\\
## 2010 & 182552 & 520.49 & 401.38 & 76.37 & 69.30 & 6.77 & 6.11\\
## 2011 & 150706 & 562.42 & 432.73 & 76.56 & 69.00 & 7.86 & 6.58\\
## \addlinespace
## 2012 & 139518 & 624.59 & 475.00 & 77.71 & 70.00 & 8.02 & 7.30\\
## 2013 & 135140 & 700.08 & 525.00 & 79.64 & 70.50 & 8.56 & 8.00\\
## 2014 & 136700 & 736.57 & 564.00 & 79.32 & 70.51 & 9.58 & 8.50\\
## 2015 & 110705 & 758.32 & 595.00 & 79.07 & 70.00 & 9.52 & 8.91\\
## 2016 & 90353 & 769.64 & 599.00 & 77.03 & 69.00 & 9.83 & 9.10\\
## \addlinespace
## 2017 & 80657 & 847.20 & 662.00 & 76.34 & 67.88 & 10.88 & 10.18\\
## 2018 & 68290 & 874.30 & 700.08 & 73.55 & 66.20 & 11.93 & 11.00\\
## 2019 & 68548 & 918.83 & 729.23 & 71.75 & 65.10 & 13.42 & 11.64\\
## 2020 & 49753 & 975.44 & 780.00 & 70.88 & 64.03 & 14.47 & 12.66\\
## 2021 & 49098 & 1001.15 & 775.96 & 68.47 & 61.57 & 14.76 & 13.33\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}Korrelation zwischen Variablen
mcor_social <- data_social %>%
select_if(is.numeric) %>%
select(-jahr) %>%
as.matrix() %>%
Hmisc::rcorr() %>%
.$r
mcor_social[upper.tri(mcor_social)] <- NA
mcor_social %>%
data.frame() %>%
round(2) %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = "",
) %>%
cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{lrrrrrrrrrr}
## \hline \hline
## & anzahl\_haushalte & arbeitslosenquote & anteil\_oberklassewagen & kaufkraft\_pro\_haushalt & anteil\_efh & anteil\_mfh & anteil\_wohnblock & anteil\_auslaender & kreditrisiko & anteil\_60\_plus\\
## \hline
## anzahl\_haushalte & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## arbeitslosenquote & 0.40 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## anteil\_oberklassewagen & -0.02 & -0.16 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## kaufkraft\_pro\_haushalt & -0.33 & -0.71 & 0.19 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## anteil\_efh & -0.63 & -0.50 & -0.01 & 0.42 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## anteil\_mfh & -0.20 & -0.08 & 0.03 & 0.07 & -0.31 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA & NA\\
## anteil\_wohnblock & 0.74 & 0.56 & -0.04 & -0.44 & -0.81 & -0.22 & 1.00 & NA & NA & NA\\
## anteil\_auslaender & 0.40 & 0.12 & 0.06 & -0.10 & -0.37 & -0.10 & 0.43 & 1.00 & NA & NA\\
## kreditrisiko & 0.56 & 0.59 & -0.15 & -0.52 & -0.68 & -0.04 & 0.70 & 0.45 & 1.00 & NA\\
## anteil\_60\_plus & -0.44 & -0.48 & 0.18 & 0.39 & 0.30 & 0.28 & -0.46 & -0.23 & -0.46 & 1\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}Problem mit Ausländeranteil in Data Social
auslaender_berlin_destatis <- read_csv2("./daten/auslaenderanteil.csv") %>%
janitor::clean_names() %>%
select(zeit, x2_auspraegung_label, x3_auspraegung_label, x4_auspraegung_label, bevstd_bevoelkerungsstand_anzahl) %>%
filter(x2_auspraegung_label == "Insgesamt",
x3_auspraegung_label %in% c("Ausl\xe4nder", "Insgesamt"),
x4_auspraegung_label == "Insgesamt") %>%
select(-x2_auspraegung_label, -x4_auspraegung_label) %>%
mutate(datum = dmy(zeit),
jahr = year(datum)+1) %>%
select(-zeit, -datum) %>%
filter(jahr %in% (data_social %>% distinct(jahr) %>% pull(jahr))) %>%
mutate(x3_auspraegung_label = case_when(x3_auspraegung_label == "Ausl\xe4nder" ~ "Auslaender",
TRUE ~ x3_auspraegung_label)) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = x3_auspraegung_label, values_from = bevstd_bevoelkerungsstand_anzahl) %>%
mutate(anteil_auslaender_destatis = (Auslaender / Insgesamt) * 100) %>%
select(jahr, anteil_auslaender_destatis)## ℹ Using "','" as decimal and "'.'" as grouping mark. Use `read_delim()` for more control.## Rows: 19044 Columns: 22
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ";"
## chr (18): Statistik_Label, Zeit_Code, Zeit_Label, 1_Merkmal_Code, 1_Merkmal_...
## dbl (3): Statistik_Code, 1_Auspraegung_Code, BEVSTD__Bevoelkerungsstand__An...
## num (1): Zeit
##
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.data_social %>%
select(arbeitslosenquote, anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte, jahr) %>%
drop_na() %>%
group_by(jahr) %>%
summarise(mean_anteil_auslaender = mean(anteil_auslaender),
mean_anteil_auslaender_weighted = weighted.mean(anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte)) %>%
left_join(auslaender_berlin_destatis, by = "jahr") %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = c("", "", "", "\\addlinespace"),
) %>%
cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{rrrr}
## \hline \hline
## jahr & mean\_anteil\_auslaender & mean\_anteil\_auslaender\_weighted & anteil\_auslaender\_destatis\\
## \hline
## 2005 & 6.53 & 10.14 & 13.42\\
## 2009 & 6.51 & 10.09 & 14.00\\
## 2010 & 6.51 & 10.06 & 13.75\\
## 2011 & 6.50 & 10.04 & 13.65\\
## \addlinespace
## 2012 & 6.50 & 10.02 & 11.89\\
## 2013 & 6.45 & 9.96 & 12.63\\
## 2014 & 6.46 & 9.96 & 13.42\\
## 2015 & 6.45 & 9.95 & 14.31\\
## \addlinespace
## 2016 & 6.46 & 9.96 & 15.50\\
## 2017 & 20.91 & 28.79 & 16.74\\
## 2018 & 21.22 & 29.28 & 17.65\\
## 2019 & 22.93 & 31.87 & 18.53\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}Plotting
Baugenehmigungen
baugenehmigungen %>%
ggplot(aes(x = datum))+
geom_line(aes(y = wert), color = "darkgrey")+
geom_line(aes(y = wert_trend), color = "black", linewidth = 1)+
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "2 years", date_labels = "%Y")+
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Jahr",
y = "Anzahl in 1000")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_baugenehmigungen.png")Berlin Karte
Der INSPIRE Grid mit den Berliner Bezirken
set.seed(1)
ggplot()+
geom_sf(data = inspire_grid_berlin)+
geom_sf(data = bezirksgrenzen_berlin, fill = "white", alpha = .8, color = "black")+
geom_sf(data = mauer_berlin, color = "red", alpha = .8)+
ggrepel::geom_label_repel(data = bezirksgrenzen_berlin %>% mutate(Gemeinde_n = str_replace(Gemeinde_n, "-", "-\n")),
aes(label = Gemeinde_n, geometry = geometry),
stat = "sf_coordinates",
min.segment.length = 0.2,
force_pull = 50,
box.padding = 0.1,
label.padding = .1,
size = 2,
label.r = 0,
lineheight = 1,
fill = "white")+
coord_sf(crs = 3035)+
theme_bw()+
labs(x = element_blank(),
y = element_blank())
#ggsave("./plots/plot_berlin_karte.png")Der hier gezeigt Teil des Grids hat 1016 Quadrate, also eine Fläche von 1016km². Berlin hat genaugenommen nur eine Fläche von 891,8 km², wir betrachten also auch teilweise Flächen, die eigentlich nicht mehr zu Berlin gehören, da wir alle Quadrate einbeziehen, die (auch nur teilweise) mit den Stadtgrenzen überlappen. Die andere Möglichkeit wäre gewesen, die Fläche zu unterschätzen und nur Quadrate zu betrachten, die komplett innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen liegen.
Rent Daten
Wie hat sich die Verteilung der Kaltmieten über die Jahre geändert?
plot1 <- data_rent %>%
filter(jahr %in% 2010:2020) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = mietekalt / wohnflaeche) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > 0, mietekalt_m2 < 100) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = jahr, y = mietekalt_m2, group = jahr))+
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = NA)+
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 30))+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = 2010:2020, labels = 10:20)+
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(from = 0, to = 30, by = 5))+
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Jahr", y = "Kaltmiete (€/m²)")
plot2 <- data_rent %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
filter(mietekalt > 50, mietekalt < 10000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = mietekalt, y = after_stat(density))) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 20) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = mean(mietekalt), color = "Mean"), linewidth = .6, linetype = "dashed") +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = median(mietekalt), color = "Median"), linewidth = .6, linetype = "dashed") +
scale_color_manual("Statistics", values = c("Mean" = "red", "Median" = "blue"))+
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 2000)) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::label_number(accuracy = .01, scale = 100))+
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.75), legend.title = element_blank(), legend.background = element_blank())+
labs(x = "Kaltmiete (€/m²) in 2010", y = "Dichte (%)")
plot3 <- data_rent %>%
filter(jahr == 2020) %>%
filter(mietekalt > 50, mietekalt < 10000) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = mietekalt, y = after_stat(density))) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 20) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = mean(mietekalt), color = "Mean"), linewidth = .6, linetype = "dashed") +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = median(mietekalt), color = "Median"), linewidth = .6, linetype = "dashed") +
scale_color_manual("Statistics", values = c("Mean" = "red", "Median" = "blue"))+
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 2000)) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::label_number(accuracy = .01, scale = 100))+
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "none", legend.title = element_blank(), legend.background = element_blank())+
labs(x = "Kaltmiete (€/m²) in 2020", y = "Dichte (%)")
ggarrange(plot1,
ggarrange(plot2, plot3, nrow = 2),
nrow = 1)
#ggsave("./plots/plot_miete.png", width = 5, height = 3)Mittlere Kaltmiete auf Karte
data_rent_sf <- data_rent %>%
left_join(inspire_grid_berlin %>% select(r1_id, geom), by = "r1_id") %>%
st_as_sf()
data_rent_sf_plot <- data_rent_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
group_by(r1_id) %>%
summarise(mietekalt = mean(mietekalt),
wohnflaeche = mean(wohnflaeche),
mietekalt_m2 = mean(mietekalt_m2))
plot1 <- data_rent_sf_plot %>%
filter(mietekalt > quantile(mietekalt, probs = 0.01), mietekalt < quantile(mietekalt, probs = 0.99)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = mietekalt))+
scale_fill_viridis_c(trans = "log10", breaks = c(400, 600, 900, 1300))+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))+
labs(fill = element_blank(),
subtitle = "Kaltmiete (€)")
plot2 <- data_rent_sf_plot %>%
filter(wohnflaeche > quantile(wohnflaeche, probs = 0.01), wohnflaeche < quantile(wohnflaeche, probs = 0.99)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = wohnflaeche))+
scale_fill_viridis_c(trans = "log10", breaks = c(50, 70, 100, 130))+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))+
labs(fill = element_blank(),
subtitle = "Wohnfläche (m²)")
plot3 <- data_rent_sf_plot %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = 0.01), mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = 0.99)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = mietekalt_m2))+
scale_fill_viridis_c(trans = "log10", breaks = c(6, 8, 10, 12, 14))+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))+
labs(fill = element_blank(),
subtitle = "Kaltmiete (€/m²)")
ggarrange(plot1, plot2, plot3, nrow = 1)
#rm(data_rent_sf_plot)
#ggsave("./plots/plot_miete_karte_2015.png", width = 7.5, height = 2.5)Konzentration von Bevölkerungsgruppen (Pascal)
Verteilung der Kaufkraft im Jahr 2010 und 2019
data_social_sf <- data_social %>%
left_join(inspire_grid_berlin %>% select(r1_id, geom), by = "r1_id") %>%
st_as_sf()
mittelwert_kaufkraft <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
summarise(mittelwert_kaufkraft = median(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, na.rm = TRUE))
plot7 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt,
breaks = c(0, 20000, 30000, 50000, Inf),
labels = c("< 20000", "20000 - 30000", "30000 - 50000", "> 50000"),
drop = TRUE),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "orange", "white", "green")) +
labs(subtitle = "Kaufkraft pro Haushalt in € in 2010", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(
legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0)
)
plot8 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2019) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt,
breaks = c(0, 25000, 35000, 50000, Inf),
labels = c("< 25000", "25000 - 35000", "35000 - 50000", "> 50000"),
drop = TRUE),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "orange", "white", "green")) +
labs(subtitle = "Kaufkraft pro Haushalt in € in 2019", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(
legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0)
)
plot_grid(plot7, plot8, labels = c('A', 'B'))
#ggsave("./plots/kaufkraft_2010_2019_pascal.jpg", plot = last_plot())Verteilung nach LQ
data_LQ_sf <- data_social_sf %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, arbeitslosenquote, anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
group_by(jahr) %>%
filter(!is.na(anzahl_haushalte)) %>%
mutate(LQ_arbeitslose = arbeitslosenquote / weighted.mean(arbeitslosenquote, anzahl_haushalte, na.rm = TRUE),
LQ_auslaender = anteil_auslaender / weighted.mean(anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte, na.rm = TRUE),
.keep = c("unused")) %>%
ungroup()
#LQ Arbeitslosenquote 2010
plot1 <- data_LQ_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(LQ_arbeitslose,
breaks = c(0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, Inf),
labels = c("<= 0.3", "0.3 - 0.7", "0.7 - 1.2", "1.2 - 1.7", ">= 1.7")),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "green", "white", "orange", "red")) +
labs(subtitle = "LQ Arbeitslose 2010", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))
#LQ Arbeitslosenquote 2019
plot2 <- data_LQ_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2019) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(LQ_arbeitslose,
breaks = c(0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, Inf),
labels = c("<= 0.3", "0.3 - 0.7", "0.7 - 1.2", "1.2 - 1.7", ">= 1.7"), drop = TRUE),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "green", "white", "orange", "red")) +
labs(subtitle = "LQ Arbeitslose 2019", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))
plot_grid(plot1, plot2, labels = c('A', 'B'))
#ggsave("./plots/lq_arbeitslosenquote_2010_2019_pascal.jpg", plot = last_plot())#LQ Ausländeranteil 2010
plot5 <- data_LQ_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(LQ_auslaender,
breaks = c(0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, Inf),
labels = c("<= 0.3", "0.3 - 0.7", "0.7 - 1.2", "1.2 - 1.7", ">= 1.7"), drop = TRUE),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "green", "white", "orange", "red")) +
labs(subtitle = "LQ Ausländer 2010", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))
#LQ Ausländeranteil 2019
plot6 <- data_LQ_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2019) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = cut(LQ_auslaender,
breaks = c(0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, Inf),
labels = c("<= 0.3", "0.3 - 0.7", "0.7 - 1.2", "1.2 - 1.7", ">= 1.7"), drop = TRUE),
geometry = geom), linewidth = .1) +
geom_sf() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "green", "white", "orange", "red")) +
labs(subtitle = "LQ Ausländer 2019", fill = NULL) +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.margin = margin(t = 0, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0))
plot_grid(plot5, plot6, labels = c('A', 'B'))
#ggsave("./plots/lq_auslaender_2010_2019_pascal.jpg", plot = last_plot())Clustering
Anzahl der Cluster bestimmen
data_clustering_2015 <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
drop_na() %>%
select(anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
as.matrix() %>%
scale()
set.seed(1)
max_cluster <- 8
wss_sum <- numeric(max_cluster)
for(n_cluster in 1:max_cluster){
kmeans_result_2015 <- kmeans(data_clustering_2015, centers = n_cluster)
wss_sum[n_cluster] <- kmeans_result_2015$tot.withinss
}
tibble(n_cluster = 1:max_cluster,
totss = wss_sum) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = n_cluster, y = totss))+
geom_line()+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = 1:8)+
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Anzahl Cluster", y = "Total WSS")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_cluster_elbow.png")Es werden 4 Cluster verwendet.
set.seed(1)
kmeans_result_2015 <- kmeans(data_clustering_2015, centers = 4)Und jetzt Clustern für alle Jahre mit dem Output von
kmeans_result_2015
# Split data by year
data_clustering_year <- data_social %>%
select(jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
group_by(jahr) %>%
filter(jahr %in% c(2005, 2010, 2015, 2019)) %>%
group_split(.keep = FALSE)
kmeans_result_2005 <- data_clustering_year[[1]] %>% as.matrix() %>% scale() %>%
kmeans(., centers = kmeans_result_2015$centers)
#kmeans_result_2005
kmeans_result_2010 <- data_clustering_year[[2]] %>% as.matrix() %>% scale() %>%
kmeans(., centers = kmeans_result_2015$centers)
#kmeans_result_2010
kmeans_result_2015 <- data_clustering_year[[3]] %>% as.matrix() %>% scale() %>%
kmeans(., centers = kmeans_result_2015$centers)
#kmeans_result_2015
kmeans_result_2019 <- data_clustering_year[[4]] %>% as.matrix() %>% scale() %>%
kmeans(., centers = kmeans_result_2015$centers)
#kmeans_result_2019Und jetzt plotten wirs mal für das Jahr 2015
data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2015$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = cluster), linewidth = .1)+
geom_sf(data = bezirksgrenzen_berlin, fill = NA, linewidth = .2, color = "black")+
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
theme_bw()+
labs(fill = "Cluster")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_cluster_2015.png")Cluster sind sehr ähnlich zu den Wahlergebnissen der Bundestagswahl
in Berlin 2016 
Wer steckt hinter den Clustern? Clustercenter betrachten.
kmeans_result_2015$centers %>% t() %>% round(2)## 1 2 3 4
## anzahl_haushalte -0.63 0.29 -0.53 2.12
## arbeitslosenquote -0.06 0.80 -1.02 0.79
## kaufkraft_pro_haushalt -0.28 -0.62 1.02 -0.67
## anteil_auslaender -0.52 0.13 -0.42 2.10
## anteil_efh 1.03 -0.83 0.52 -1.11
## anteil_60_plus -0.12 -0.21 0.72 -1.43kmeans_result_2015$centers %>% t() %>% round(2) %>%
kbl(
format = "latex",
digits = 2,
booktabs = T,
toprule = "\\hline \\hline",
midrule = "\\hline",
bottomrule = "\\hline \\hline",
linesep = "",
) %>% cat()##
## \begin{tabular}[t]{lrrrr}
## \hline \hline
## & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4\\
## \hline
## anzahl\_haushalte & -0.63 & 0.29 & -0.53 & 2.12\\
## arbeitslosenquote & -0.06 & 0.80 & -1.02 & 0.79\\
## kaufkraft\_pro\_haushalt & -0.28 & -0.62 & 1.02 & -0.67\\
## anteil\_auslaender & -0.52 & 0.13 & -0.42 & 2.10\\
## anteil\_efh & 1.03 & -0.83 & 0.52 & -1.11\\
## anteil\_60\_plus & -0.12 & -0.21 & 0.72 & -1.43\\
## \hline \hline
## \end{tabular}Darstellen auf Karte für verschiedene Jahre
plot1 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2005) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2005$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = cluster), linewidth = .1)+
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
labs(subtitle = "Cluster in 2005")+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5))
plot2 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2010) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2010$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = cluster), linewidth = .1)+
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
labs(subtitle = "Cluster in 2010")+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5))
plot3 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2015$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = cluster), linewidth = .1)+
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
labs(subtitle = "Cluster in 2015")+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5))
plot4 <- data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2019) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2019$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster)) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = cluster), linewidth = .1)+
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
labs(subtitle = "Cluster in 2019")+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = .5))
plot_arranged <- grid.arrange(plot1, plot2, plot3, plot4, nrow = 2, ncol = 2)
ggsave("./plots/plot_cluster_jahr_vergleich.png", plot = plot_arranged)## Saving 5 x 4 in imageRegressionen
Miete über die Jahre
Regresssion Miete
lm_miete_jahr <- data_rent %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = mietekalt / wohnflaeche) %>%
filter(!is.na(mietekalt_m2)) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.99), mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.01)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_miete_jahr)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr, data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.23238 -0.18946 -0.02226 0.17420 1.42667
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.701e+00 3.306e-04 5146 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 5.998e-02 5.206e-05 1152 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2785 on 1878607 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4141, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4141
## F-statistic: 1.328e+06 on 1 and 1878607 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Regression Mietbelastung
lm_mietbelastung_jahr <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
filter(!is.na(arbeitslosenquote), !is.na(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt)) %>%
mutate(ist_brennpunkt = ifelse(arbeitslosenquote > 10 & kaufkraft_pro_haushalt < quantile(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, .2), TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
select(r1_id, ist_brennpunkt, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
right_join(data_rent, by = "r1_id") %>%
filter(!is.na(ist_brennpunkt)) %>%
mutate(mietbelastung = mietekalt*12 / kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
filter(!is.na(mietekalt_m2)) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.99), mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.01)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_mietbelastung_jahr)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr, data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.8733 -0.3402 -0.0720 0.2783 3.4974
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.0561198 0.0006052 -3397 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0578439 0.0000953 607 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5097 on 1878428 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.164, Adjusted R-squared: 0.164
## F-statistic: 3.684e+05 on 1 and 1878428 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Stargazer Tabelle
stargazer(lm_miete_jahr, lm_mietbelastung_jahr,
dep.var.labels = c("log Kaltmiete (€/m\\textsuperscript{2})", "log Mietbelastung (\\%)"),
covariate.labels = c("Konstante", "Jahr"),
omit.stat = c("ser", "f"), single.row = FALSE,
intercept.bottom = FALSE,
no.space = TRUE,
dep.var.caption = "\\textit{Abhängige Variable}",
notes.label = "\\textit{Anmerkung:}")##
## % Table created by stargazer v.5.2.3 by Marek Hlavac, Social Policy Institute. E-mail: marek.hlavac at gmail.com
## % Date and time: Sat, Feb 24, 2024 - 19:34:48
## \begin{table}[!htbp] \centering
## \caption{}
## \label{}
## \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{5pt}}lcc}
## \\[-1.8ex]\hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Abhängige Variable}} \\
## \cline{2-3}
## \\[-1.8ex] & log Kaltmiete (€/m\textsuperscript{2}) & log Mietbelastung (\%) \\
## \\[-1.8ex] & (1) & (2)\\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Konstante & 1.701$^{***}$ & $-$2.056$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0003) & (0.001) \\
## Jahr & 0.060$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0001) & (0.0001) \\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Observations & 1,878,609 & 1,878,430 \\
## R$^{2}$ & 0.414 & 0.164 \\
## Adjusted R$^{2}$ & 0.414 & 0.164 \\
## \hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## \textit{Anmerkung:} & \multicolumn{2}{r}{$^{*}$p$<$0.1; $^{**}$p$<$0.05; $^{***}$p$<$0.01} \\
## \end{tabular}
## \end{table}Plot Modell
coef <- exp(predict(lm_mietbelastung_jahr, data.frame(jahr = 0))) * 100 /
exp(predict(lm_miete_jahr, data.frame(jahr = 0)))
expand.grid(jahr = (2007:2020) - 2007) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = exp(predict(lm_miete_jahr, .)),
mietbelastung = exp(predict(lm_mietbelastung_jahr, .)) * 100) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr + 2007,
jahr = lubridate::ymd(paste(jahr, 01, 01, sep = "-"))) %>%
#pivot_longer(cols = c(mietekalt_m2, mietbelastung))
ggplot(aes(x = jahr))+
geom_line(aes(y = mietekalt_m2, color = "red"))+
geom_line(aes(y = mietbelastung/coef, color = "blue"))+
scale_y_continuous(
# Features of the first axis
name = "Miete (€/m²)",
# Add a second axis and specify its features
sec.axis = sec_axis(~.*coef, name="Mietbelastung (%)")
)+
scale_color_manual(labels = c("Mietbelastung", "Miete"), values = c("blue", "red"))+
labs(x = "Jahr",
color = element_blank())+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
legend.background = element_blank())
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_jahr_modell.png", width = 5, height = 2)Plot Residuen
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
# ------
set.seed(1)
tibble(model = "mietekalt_m2",
fitted = fitted(lm_miete_jahr),
resids = resid(lm_miete_jahr)) %>%
rbind(
tibble(model = "mietbelastung",
fitted = fitted(lm_mietbelastung_jahr),
resids = resid(lm_mietbelastung_jahr))
) %>%
mutate(model = factor(model, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung"))) %>%
slice_sample(n = 10000, by = model) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = fitted, y = resids))+
geom_point(alpha = .05, size = .2)+
facet_wrap(~model, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_y_continuous(limits = function(x) c(quantile(x, 0.05, na.rm = TRUE), quantile(x, 0.95, na.rm = TRUE))) +
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Fitted", y = "Residuals")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_miete_mietbelastung_jahr.png", width = 5, height = 2)Miete und Mietbelastung in “Brennpunkten”
Plot Brennpunkte
data_social_sf %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
filter(!is.na(arbeitslosenquote), !is.na(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt)) %>%
mutate(ist_brennpunkt = ifelse(arbeitslosenquote > 10 & kaufkraft_pro_haushalt < quantile(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, .2), TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
mutate(ist_brennpunkt = if_else(ist_brennpunkt, "Ja", "Nein")) %>%
ggplot()+
geom_sf(aes(fill = ist_brennpunkt))+
scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "lightgrey"))+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "right",
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank())+
labs(fill = "Brennpunkt?")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_brennpunkte.png", width = 5, height = 2)Regression Miete
lm_miete_brennpunkt <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
filter(!is.na(arbeitslosenquote), !is.na(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt)) %>%
mutate(ist_brennpunkt = ifelse(arbeitslosenquote > 10 & kaufkraft_pro_haushalt < quantile(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, .2), TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
select(r1_id, ist_brennpunkt) %>%
right_join(data_rent, by = "r1_id") %>%
filter(!is.na(ist_brennpunkt)) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = mietekalt / wohnflaeche) %>%
filter(!is.na(mietekalt_m2)) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.99), mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.01)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + ist_brennpunkt + ist_brennpunkt:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_miete_brennpunkt)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + ist_brennpunkt + ist_brennpunkt:jahr,
## data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.23787 -0.18572 -0.01918 0.17350 1.39547
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.733e+00 3.946e-04 4391.23 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 5.736e-02 6.147e-05 933.13 <2e-16 ***
## ist_brennpunktTRUE -1.012e-01 7.126e-04 -142.03 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:ist_brennpunktTRUE 8.178e-03 1.140e-04 71.75 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2767 on 1878426 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4215, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4215
## F-statistic: 4.562e+05 on 3 and 1878426 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Regression Mietbelastung
lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
filter(!is.na(arbeitslosenquote), !is.na(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt)) %>%
mutate(ist_brennpunkt = ifelse(arbeitslosenquote > 10 & kaufkraft_pro_haushalt < quantile(kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, .2), TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
select(r1_id, ist_brennpunkt, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
right_join(data_rent, by = "r1_id") %>%
filter(!is.na(ist_brennpunkt)) %>%
mutate(mietbelastung = mietekalt*12 / kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
filter(!is.na(mietekalt_m2)) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.99), mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, 0.01)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + ist_brennpunkt + ist_brennpunkt:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + ist_brennpunkt + ist_brennpunkt:jahr,
## data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9006 -0.3410 -0.0718 0.2786 3.4898
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.0485209 0.0007265 -2819.56 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0556112 0.0001132 491.35 <2e-16 ***
## ist_brennpunktTRUE -0.0253709 0.0013122 -19.34 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:ist_brennpunktTRUE 0.0078611 0.0002099 37.45 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5095 on 1878426 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1647, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1647
## F-statistic: 1.235e+05 on 3 and 1878426 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Stargazer Tabelle
stargazer(lm_miete_brennpunkt, lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt,
dep.var.labels = c("log Kaltmiete (€/m\\textsuperscript{2})", "log Mietbelastung (\\%)"),
covariate.labels = c("Konstante", "Jahr", "Brennpunkt", "Jahr*Brennpunkt"),
omit.stat = c("ser", "f"), single.row = FALSE,
intercept.bottom = FALSE,
no.space = TRUE,
dep.var.caption = "\\textit{Abhängige Variable}",
notes.label = "\\textit{Anmerkung:}")##
## % Table created by stargazer v.5.2.3 by Marek Hlavac, Social Policy Institute. E-mail: marek.hlavac at gmail.com
## % Date and time: Sat, Feb 24, 2024 - 19:34:52
## \begin{table}[!htbp] \centering
## \caption{}
## \label{}
## \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{5pt}}lcc}
## \\[-1.8ex]\hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Abhängige Variable}} \\
## \cline{2-3}
## \\[-1.8ex] & log Kaltmiete (€/m\textsuperscript{2}) & log Mietbelastung (\%) \\
## \\[-1.8ex] & (1) & (2)\\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Konstante & 1.733$^{***}$ & $-$2.049$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0004) & (0.001) \\
## Jahr & 0.057$^{***}$ & 0.056$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0001) & (0.0001) \\
## Brennpunkt & $-$0.101$^{***}$ & $-$0.025$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.001) & (0.001) \\
## Jahr*Brennpunkt & 0.008$^{***}$ & 0.008$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0001) & (0.0002) \\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Observations & 1,878,430 & 1,878,430 \\
## R$^{2}$ & 0.421 & 0.165 \\
## Adjusted R$^{2}$ & 0.421 & 0.165 \\
## \hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## \textit{Anmerkung:} & \multicolumn{2}{r}{$^{*}$p$<$0.1; $^{**}$p$<$0.05; $^{***}$p$<$0.01} \\
## \end{tabular}
## \end{table}Plot des Regressionsmodells
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete (€/m²)",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung (%)"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
expand.grid(jahr = (2007:2020) - 2007,
ist_brennpunkt = c(TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = exp(predict(lm_miete_brennpunkt, .)),
mietbelastung = exp(predict(lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt, .)) * 100) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr + 2007,
jahr = lubridate::ymd(paste(jahr, 01, 01, sep = "-"))) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = c(mietekalt_m2, mietbelastung)) %>%
mutate(name = factor(name, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung"))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = jahr, y = value, color = ist_brennpunkt, group = ist_brennpunkt))+
geom_line()+
facet_wrap(~name, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "2 years", date_labels = "%y")+
scale_color_manual(labels = c("nicht-Brennpunkt", "Brennpunkt"), values = c("blue", "red")) +
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top")+
labs(x = "Jahr", y = element_blank(), color = element_blank())
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_brennpunkte_modell.png", width = 5, height = 2.5)Plot Residuen
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
# ------
set.seed(1)
tibble(model = "mietekalt_m2",
fitted = fitted(lm_miete_brennpunkt),
resids = resid(lm_miete_brennpunkt)) %>%
rbind(
tibble(model = "mietbelastung",
fitted = fitted(lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt),
resids = resid(lm_mietbelastung_brennpunkt))
) %>%
mutate(model = factor(model, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung"))) %>%
slice_sample(n = 10000, by = model) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = fitted, y = resids))+
geom_point(alpha = .05, size = .2)+
facet_wrap(~model, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_y_continuous(limits = function(x) c(quantile(x, 0.05, na.rm = TRUE), quantile(x, 0.95, na.rm = TRUE))) +
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Fitted", y = "Residuals")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_brennpunkte.png", width = 5, height = 2)Miete in Clustern
Regression Miete
r1_id_cluster <- data_social %>%
filter(jahr == 2015) %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, anzahl_haushalte, arbeitslosenquote, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt, anteil_auslaender, anteil_efh, anteil_60_plus) %>%
drop_na() %>%
select(r1_id) %>%
cbind(cluster = kmeans_result_2015$cluster) %>%
mutate(cluster = as_factor(cluster))
lm_miete_cluster <- data_social %>%
left_join(r1_id_cluster, by = "r1_id") %>%
filter(!is.na(cluster)) %>%
right_join(data_rent, by = c("r1_id", "jahr")) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .01), mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .99)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + cluster + cluster:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_miete_cluster)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + cluster + cluster:jahr,
## data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.16214 -0.17849 -0.01785 0.15642 1.38710
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.6375293 0.0029704 551.28 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0565914 0.0004322 130.94 <2e-16 ***
## cluster2 -0.0316952 0.0030516 -10.39 <2e-16 ***
## cluster3 0.2151485 0.0035126 61.25 <2e-16 ***
## cluster4 0.0583646 0.0030776 18.96 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:cluster2 0.0054266 0.0004446 12.21 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:cluster3 -0.0105600 0.0005172 -20.42 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:cluster4 0.0206779 0.0004496 45.99 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2654 on 1357285 degrees of freedom
## (521316 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4033, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4033
## F-statistic: 1.311e+05 on 7 and 1357285 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Regression Mietbelastung
lm_mietbelastung_cluster <- data_social %>%
left_join(r1_id_cluster, by = "r1_id") %>%
filter(!is.na(cluster)) %>%
right_join(data_rent, by = c("r1_id", "jahr")) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .01), mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .99)) %>%
mutate(mietbelastung = mietekalt*12 / kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + cluster + cluster:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_mietbelastung_cluster)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + cluster + cluster:jahr,
## data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.7834 -0.3392 -0.0676 0.2808 3.4416
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.7846038 0.0056655 -314.996 < 2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0094997 0.0008243 11.524 < 2e-16 ***
## cluster2 -0.1213313 0.0058204 -20.846 < 2e-16 ***
## cluster3 -0.1813756 0.0066997 -27.072 < 2e-16 ***
## cluster4 -0.0248711 0.0058700 -4.237 2.27e-05 ***
## jahr:cluster2 0.0183340 0.0008480 21.621 < 2e-16 ***
## jahr:cluster3 0.0313419 0.0009865 31.770 < 2e-16 ***
## jahr:cluster4 0.0409786 0.0008576 47.784 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5063 on 1357285 degrees of freedom
## (521316 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08901, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08901
## F-statistic: 1.895e+04 on 7 and 1357285 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Stargazer Tabelle
stargazer(lm_miete_cluster, lm_mietbelastung_cluster,
dep.var.labels = c("log Kaltmiete (€/m\\textsuperscript{2})", "log Mietbelastung (\\%)"),
covariate.labels = c("Konstante", "Jahr", "Cluster2", "Cluster3", "Cluster4", "Jahr*Cluster2", "Jahr*Cluster3", "Jahr*Cluster4"),
omit.stat = c("ser", "f"), single.row = FALSE,
intercept.bottom = FALSE,
no.space = TRUE,
dep.var.caption = "\\textit{Abhängige Variable}",
notes.label = "\\textit{Anmerkung:}")##
## % Table created by stargazer v.5.2.3 by Marek Hlavac, Social Policy Institute. E-mail: marek.hlavac at gmail.com
## % Date and time: Sat, Feb 24, 2024 - 19:34:56
## \begin{table}[!htbp] \centering
## \caption{}
## \label{}
## \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{5pt}}lcc}
## \\[-1.8ex]\hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Abhängige Variable}} \\
## \cline{2-3}
## \\[-1.8ex] & log Kaltmiete (€/m\textsuperscript{2}) & log Mietbelastung (\%) \\
## \\[-1.8ex] & (1) & (2)\\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Konstante & 1.638$^{***}$ & $-$1.785$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.003) & (0.006) \\
## Jahr & 0.057$^{***}$ & 0.009$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0004) & (0.001) \\
## Cluster2 & $-$0.032$^{***}$ & $-$0.121$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.003) & (0.006) \\
## Cluster3 & 0.215$^{***}$ & $-$0.181$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.004) & (0.007) \\
## Cluster4 & 0.058$^{***}$ & $-$0.025$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.003) & (0.006) \\
## Jahr*Cluster2 & 0.005$^{***}$ & 0.018$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0004) & (0.001) \\
## Jahr*Cluster3 & $-$0.011$^{***}$ & 0.031$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.001) & (0.001) \\
## Jahr*Cluster4 & 0.021$^{***}$ & 0.041$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0004) & (0.001) \\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Observations & 1,357,293 & 1,357,293 \\
## R$^{2}$ & 0.403 & 0.089 \\
## Adjusted R$^{2}$ & 0.403 & 0.089 \\
## \hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## \textit{Anmerkung:} & \multicolumn{2}{r}{$^{*}$p$<$0.1; $^{**}$p$<$0.05; $^{***}$p$<$0.01} \\
## \end{tabular}
## \end{table}Plot des Regressionsmodells
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete (€/m²)",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung (%)"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
expand.grid(jahr = (2007:2020) - 2007,
cluster = factor(1:4)) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = exp(predict(lm_miete_cluster, .)),
mietbelastung = exp(predict(lm_mietbelastung_cluster, .)) * 100) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = c(mietekalt_m2, mietbelastung)) %>%
mutate(name = factor(name, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung")),
jahr = jahr + 2007,
jahr = lubridate::ymd(paste(jahr, 01, 01, sep = "-"))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = jahr, y = value, color = cluster))+
geom_line()+
facet_wrap(~name, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "2 years", date_labels = "%y")+
#scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
#scale_color_manual(values = c("blue", "red", "orange", "purple", "cyan", "magenta")) +
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top")+
labs(x = "Jahr", y = element_blank(), color = "Cluster")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_cluster_modell.png", width = 5, height = 2.5)Plot Residuen
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
# ------
set.seed(1)
tibble(model = "mietekalt_m2",
fitted = fitted(lm_miete_cluster),
resids = resid(lm_miete_cluster)) %>%
rbind(
tibble(model = "mietbelastung",
fitted = fitted(lm_mietbelastung_cluster),
resids = resid(lm_mietbelastung_cluster))
) %>%
mutate(model = factor(model, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung"))) %>%
slice_sample(n = 10000, by = model) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = fitted, y = resids))+
geom_point(alpha = .05, size = .2)+
facet_wrap(~model, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_y_continuous(limits = function(x) c(quantile(x, 0.05, na.rm = TRUE), quantile(x, 0.95, na.rm = TRUE))) +
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Fitted", y = "Residuals")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_cluster.png", width = 5, height = 2)Regression LQ Quotienten
Daten vorbereiten
data_LQ <- data_social %>%
select(r1_id, jahr, arbeitslosenquote, anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte, kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
group_by(jahr) %>%
filter(!is.na(anzahl_haushalte)) %>%
mutate(LQ_arbeitslose = arbeitslosenquote / weighted.mean(arbeitslosenquote, anzahl_haushalte, na.rm = TRUE),
LQ_auslaender = anteil_auslaender / weighted.mean(anteil_auslaender, anzahl_haushalte, na.rm = TRUE),
.keep = c("unused")) %>%
ungroup()Regression Miete
lm_mietekalt_LQ <- data_rent %>%
left_join(data_LQ, by = c("jahr", "r1_id")) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .01),
mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .99)) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + LQ_arbeitslose + LQ_auslaender + LQ_arbeitslose:jahr + LQ_auslaender:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_mietekalt_LQ)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietekalt_m2) ~ jahr + LQ_arbeitslose + LQ_auslaender +
## LQ_arbeitslose:jahr + LQ_auslaender:jahr, data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.26013 -0.17991 -0.02092 0.16492 1.37576
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.0319257 0.0015652 1298.22 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0408227 0.0002431 167.92 <2e-16 ***
## LQ_arbeitslose -0.3323799 0.0014136 -235.14 <2e-16 ***
## LQ_auslaender -0.0161301 0.0007254 -22.24 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:LQ_arbeitslose 0.0081157 0.0002137 37.98 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:LQ_auslaender 0.0160260 0.0001225 130.80 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2599 on 1357292 degrees of freedom
## (521311 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4278, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4278
## F-statistic: 2.03e+05 on 5 and 1357292 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Regression Mietbelastung
lm_mietbelastung_LQ <- data_rent %>%
left_join(data_LQ, by = c("jahr", "r1_id")) %>%
filter(mietekalt_m2 > quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .01), mietekalt_m2 < quantile(mietekalt_m2, probs = .99)) %>%
mutate(mietbelastung = mietekalt*12 / kaufkraft_pro_haushalt) %>%
mutate(jahr = jahr - 2007) %>%
lm(log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + LQ_arbeitslose + LQ_auslaender + LQ_arbeitslose:jahr + LQ_auslaender:jahr, data = .)
summary(lm_mietbelastung_LQ)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(mietbelastung) ~ jahr + LQ_arbeitslose + LQ_auslaender +
## LQ_arbeitslose:jahr + LQ_auslaender:jahr, data = .)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.8263 -0.3366 -0.0608 0.2853 3.3360
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.7433372 0.0030545 -570.74 <2e-16 ***
## jahr 0.0521088 0.0004744 109.83 <2e-16 ***
## LQ_arbeitslose -0.0749211 0.0027586 -27.16 <2e-16 ***
## LQ_auslaender -0.0435210 0.0014157 -30.74 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:LQ_arbeitslose -0.0352928 0.0004170 -84.63 <2e-16 ***
## jahr:LQ_auslaender 0.0211725 0.0002391 88.55 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5073 on 1357292 degrees of freedom
## (521311 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08543, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08543
## F-statistic: 2.536e+04 on 5 and 1357292 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Stargazer Tabelle
stargazer(lm_mietekalt_LQ, lm_mietbelastung_LQ,
dep.var.labels = c("log Kaltmiete (€/m\\textsuperscript{2})", "log Mietbelastung (\\%)"),
covariate.labels = c("Konstante", "Jahr", "LQ Arbeitslose", "LQ Ausländer", "LQ Arbeitslose*Jahr", "LQ Ausländer*Jahr"),
omit.stat = c("ser", "f"), single.row = FALSE,
intercept.bottom = FALSE,
no.space = TRUE,
dep.var.caption = "\\textit{Abhängige Variable}",
notes.label = "\\textit{Anmerkung:}")##
## % Table created by stargazer v.5.2.3 by Marek Hlavac, Social Policy Institute. E-mail: marek.hlavac at gmail.com
## % Date and time: Sat, Feb 24, 2024 - 19:34:59
## \begin{table}[!htbp] \centering
## \caption{}
## \label{}
## \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{5pt}}lcc}
## \\[-1.8ex]\hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Abhängige Variable}} \\
## \cline{2-3}
## \\[-1.8ex] & log Kaltmiete (€/m\textsuperscript{2}) & log Mietbelastung (\%) \\
## \\[-1.8ex] & (1) & (2)\\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Konstante & 2.032$^{***}$ & $-$1.743$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.002) & (0.003) \\
## Jahr & 0.041$^{***}$ & 0.052$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0002) & (0.0005) \\
## LQ Arbeitslose & $-$0.332$^{***}$ & $-$0.075$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.001) & (0.003) \\
## LQ Ausländer & $-$0.016$^{***}$ & $-$0.044$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.001) & (0.001) \\
## LQ Arbeitslose*Jahr & 0.008$^{***}$ & $-$0.035$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0002) & (0.0004) \\
## LQ Ausländer*Jahr & 0.016$^{***}$ & 0.021$^{***}$ \\
## & (0.0001) & (0.0002) \\
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## Observations & 1,357,298 & 1,357,298 \\
## R$^{2}$ & 0.428 & 0.085 \\
## Adjusted R$^{2}$ & 0.428 & 0.085 \\
## \hline
## \hline \\[-1.8ex]
## \textit{Anmerkung:} & \multicolumn{2}{r}{$^{*}$p$<$0.1; $^{**}$p$<$0.05; $^{***}$p$<$0.01} \\
## \end{tabular}
## \end{table}Plot Regressionsmodelle
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete (€/m²)",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung (%)"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
expand.grid(jahr = (2007:2020) - 2007,
LQ_arbeitslose = seq(from = 0, to = 2, by = 0.1) %>% round(1),
LQ_auslaender = seq(from = 0, to = 2, by = 0.1) %>% round(1)) %>%
mutate(mietekalt_m2 = exp(predict(lm_mietekalt_LQ, .)),
mietbelastung = exp(predict(lm_mietbelastung_LQ, .)) * 100) %>%
filter(LQ_arbeitslose %in% c(0.2, 1.2)) %>%
filter(LQ_auslaender %in% c(0.2, 1.2)) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = c(mietekalt_m2, mietbelastung)) %>%
mutate(name = factor(name, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung")),
jahr = jahr + 2007,
jahr = lubridate::ymd(paste(jahr, 01, 01, sep = "-"))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = jahr, y = value, color = as_factor(LQ_auslaender), linetype = as_factor(LQ_arbeitslose)))+
geom_line()+
facet_wrap(~name, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "2 years", date_labels = "%y")+
#scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
scale_color_manual(values = c("blue", "red", "green", "black")) +
scale_linetype_manual(values = c("solid", "dashed", "dotdash"))+
theme_bw()+
theme(legend.position = "top",
#legend.box = "vertical",
#legend.margin = margin(t = 2, b = -5, l = 0, r = 0)
)+
labs(x = "Jahr", y = element_blank(), color = "LQ-Ausländer", linetype = "LQ-Arbeitslose")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_lq_modell.png", width = 5, height = 2.5)Plot Residuen
facet_names <- list(
'mietekalt_m2'="Miete",
'mietbelastung'="Mietbelastung"
)
facet_labeller <- function(variable,value){
return(facet_names[value])
}
# ------
set.seed(1)
tibble(model = "mietekalt_m2",
fitted = fitted(lm_mietekalt_LQ),
resids = resid(lm_mietekalt_LQ)) %>%
rbind(
tibble(model = "mietbelastung",
fitted = fitted(lm_mietbelastung_LQ),
resids = resid(lm_mietbelastung_LQ))
) %>%
mutate(model = factor(model, levels = c("mietekalt_m2", "mietbelastung"))) %>%
slice_sample(n = 10000, by = model) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = fitted, y = resids))+
geom_point(alpha = .05, size = .2)+
facet_wrap(~model, scales = "free", labeller = facet_labeller)+
scale_y_continuous(limits = function(x) c(quantile(x, 0.05, na.rm = TRUE), quantile(x, 0.95, na.rm = TRUE))) +
theme_bw()+
labs(x = "Fitted", y = "Residuals")
#ggsave("./plots/plot_regression_lq.png", width = 5, height = 2)
Social Daten
Wie sehen ausgewählte Social-Variablen auf einer Karte aus?
Die restlichen Variablen auf einer Karte für den Anhang